The Origins of First Stars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The Origins of First Stars - Essay Example Investigating how from the universe was created and how this led to the precise moment in time when these first stars could and did evolve was researched and presented. Through a thorough examination of years of research, how first stars were created and when they came into existence was answered. This research also yielded the fact that no first star still exists within our galaxy - the Milky Way. Although, I am satisfied with the findings of this research that the Milky Way contains no Population III Stars, I can not help but sit here and wonder if somewhere in the outermost areas of the universe, in areas we may not even know exist, there sits a first star, a remnant of the very creation of the universe, waiting for me Ever since the dawn of time, man has been fascinated by the stars in the heaven. From a child's first wonder at the twinkling lights in the night sky to throngs of people staying up late to watch a meteor shower, the celestial display never ceases to amaze us. However, there is so much more to stars than the glowing light they project to earth. They are the footprints to understanding the origins of space and time. Scientists have been in the process of unraveling these mysteries for centuries. ... The Big Bang Theory, the accepted theory of the creation of the universe, which will be detailed in subsequent paragraphs, lead to the later creation of first stars, called Population III Stars. Initially thought impossible to still exist, these first stars and the quest to understand them have led researchers to continue to search for their origins. The first detectable signs of these Population III stars have now been found. How were they created and do any still exist Background Understanding what is known about the creation of the universe is necessary consider how Population III stars were born and if they have survived to present day. The accepted theory of the creation of universe is the Big Bang Theory. Astronomers have determined through observation and scientific research that "the galaxies of the universe all seem to be moving away from us. It turned out that they are moving away not just from us but from one another-that is, the universe seems to be expanding." [1] The laws of physics, specifically Hubble's Law told scientists that if the universe is ever expanding. Hubble's Law explains that "the galaxies were receding from us at a velocity proportional to their distance. The more distant the galaxy, the greater its redshift, and therefore the higher the velocity." [2] Hubble's Law The above graph is a depiction of the Hubble constant explaining rate of expansion. [3] "The velocity v could be determined by multiplying the distance R by H, the Hubble constant, given by the slope of the line in the above graph, in units of kilometers per second per million light years. The Hubble constant describes the universe's rate of expansion. The galaxies are not moving away through space, they are moving away with space, as space

Perceptual system Essay Example for Free

Perceptual system Essay It has been found that our perceptual system respond to perceptual symbols as a means of making sense of information, it is not a unified center in the brain, rather it is a complex and integrated process which is affected by focus of attention, knowledge and memory, and emotional evaluation (Sekuler Blake, 2001). Focus of attention refers to the length and quality of the attention given to an image or situation, sometimes when our perceptual system experiences information overload, it tends to focus attention on the more relevant information and to disregard the unimportant information. However, there is no way to tell which information will be given attention or not, and sometimes vital information may not be perceived hence leading to misinterpretation of a situation. For example, in the movie Sixth Sense, we see the actor unable to open doors but we do not focus attention on that detail because we are intent at perceiving the events in the movie and listening to the dialogue of the characters, at the end of the movie we are shocked to find out that Bruce Willis was the ghost. Knowledge and memory brought about by previous experiences also lead us to misinterpret objects and situations, through learning we acquire perceptual sets that enable us to respond immediately to situation (Hommel Milliken, 2007). For example, we have heard from news reports that crimes by street gangs have risen and that most gang members are African-Americans and Latinos, such that when we witness a street fight, and later recall what we have seen, we are more likely to say that the gang members were Latino and African-Americans. This perceptual schema is often related to stereotypes, when we are bombarded with the same information we tend to believe that it is true and we commit that to memory. When confronted with incomplete images or situations, we tend to fill in the gaps based on our previous knowledge and experiences (Sekuler, Watamaniuk Blake, 2002). Our perceptual system is also affected by the emotional reaction that perceptual symbols trigger, for example, if I was fighting with a loved one and in the exchange of hurtful words, my perceptual system’s ability to process the information is clouded by the emotions that I attach to the hurtful words which causes more misunderstanding. In order to reduce misjudgments and misinterpretation of what we see, hear, or feel, it is always best to not rely on first impressions. When confronted with a situation in which we are asked to recall what happened, we must be conscious of how our previous experiences affect our understanding of the situation (Sekuler, Watamaniuk Blake, 2002). We must also be aware that we only have a limited attention span and it takes much concentration and presence of mind to be able to pay attention to details. We should also not rush into judgment, if we are unsure of the situation, then we must find ways to validate our understanding of the situation by asking other people of their judgments. As human as we are, we do tend to attach emotional values to objects and situations, for example, we feel disgust and fear for ex-convicts, therefore we limit or avoid our interaction with them and easily pass judgment that they should be locked up again, however not all inmates are criminals and there are those who really change and straighten their lives. However, since our emotion has gotten the better of us, then we do not perceive them as capable of change. Therefore, we should not let emotional attachments get in the way of how we perceive and process our world and the interactions we have with other people.

Theories of Development Essay -- Psychology, Freud, Erickson

Question #1 : Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erickson Freud’s Theory : Freud believed that most human behavior is motivated by the unconscious mind. â€Å"Freud proposed that personality has 3 structures : the id, the ego and the superego† (Santrock, 23). The id is the origin of personality driven by instinct. The id resides in unconscious rather than reality. The ego, another structure of reality, appears when children learn about the needs and constraints of reality. â€Å"The ego is called â€Å"executive branch† of reality because it uses reasoning to make decisions† (Santrock, 23). The id and the ego don’t make moral judgement or consider what is right or wrong. â€Å"The superego is the moral branch of personality† (Santrock, 23). Freud stated that the superego is a matter of â€Å"conscience†.† Freud believed that we all go through 5 stages of psychosexual development : oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital† (Santrock, 24). Freud claimed that the adult personality is determined by how we resolve conflicts between the sources of pleasure at each stage and the needs of the reality. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory : Includes 8 stages of human development. â€Å"Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved† (Santrock, 24). Trust versus mistrust is the first stage appears in the first year of life. Warmth that arises from a family makes children learn to trust and feel that the world is good to live in. Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3 years of age) is the stage that children will try to do something by themselves and explore the world around them. If a child is limited too much or punish... ...aragraph, describing what you learned from completing this assignment. From completing this assignment, I have learned about human development in many areas from many different theories. I realized that a child will grow into adults with good quality, or an adult with no quality relies on many factors. Therefore, raising or teaching children is not just giving them basic stuff, such as feeding, sleeping or potty training but caregivers and early childhood educators need to learn about the environment around them that affects their behavior and development. Moreover, I think that caregivers, teachers and early childhood educators should apply all the theories about child development to their work. They should not rely on one theory to be able to understand a child because there might be many factors behind a child’s behavior.

An Inquiry to the Nature and Causes of the Influence of Adam Smith

Many people, when asked what pops into their mind with the word economics, they mostly say â€Å"capitalism†. Indeed the field deals a lot with capitalism. In fact, the three great names mentioned in Heilbroner and Thurow (1982, 17)—Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes—have capitalism as the base of their different ideologies; and it is in how they view capitalism that within economics, several school of thought sprouted, enabling the further development of the field. The influence that Smith, Marx, and Keynes are incalculable: each inducing their own set of followers that continue polishing up their works long after they are gone, each idea continuing on as legacies, influencing political decisions all throughout the world. But for now, let us content ourselves with examining the influence of Adam Smith, the father of economics himself. In the opening statement of Adam Smith’s celebrated work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Smith, Skinner, 1986), he wrote: â€Å"How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortunes of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it, except the pleasure of seeing it† (Smith, 1986). Back in Smith’s day, this statement, along with the ideas contained in the Wealth of Nations, raised many eyebrows. The book, a first-of-its-kind defense for the free-market and a direct attack to mercantilism, argues that the selfish motives of individuals does not necessarily lead to detriments; in fact it could actually benefit the society. It is based from this belief that he further postulated that the free market, though looking like unrestrained and chaotic, will be eventually guided to the right direction by the â€Å"Invisible Hand†, which in turn is guided by individual human motives that are most commonly selfishness and greed. It being termed as a free-market, Smith abhorred any kind of intervention coming from the government, believing that for the market to function efficiently, it should be left to work on its own—thus, the idea of laissez-faire (www.econlib.org). Smith also was a firm believer that it is labor, and not land that is essential in increasing production and thus highlights the importance (but also warns against the peril) of division of labor. Just how influential Smith’s ideas are can be readily seen in the field of Economics through the years and especially in this day and age: free markets have been made the ultimate goal of many a government of today; specialization has never been more stressed as a major strategy in production; capitalism is fast becoming the only model for economies today; and mercantilism have long disappeared in favor of Smith’s proposed free trade (although the degree of freedom in trade in some countries is a matter worth questioning). Selfishness and greed, although still contested by some groups, are still viewed in a much more positive light, and is justified in the field of economics so long as they serve the society’s over-all benefit. Several followers have also polished on the economist’s basic ideas, extending them to meet the different quirks that come up through time. Smith has been a household name for any person with at least average knowledge on economics; in fact he is ranked 30th in Michael Hart’s list of the most influential persons in history (1992). Also his portrait appears on the twenty pound note in UK. (Talk about influence that you cannot buy!) Greed that fosters growth and division that promotes efficiency. Once taken aside but now are lived and breathed and experienced worldwide. And as long as there are supporters who hang on to the basic tenets of the famous Adam Smith, the great economist’s legacy shall forever live on and endure. References Hart, M. (1992). The 100: A ranking of the most influential persons in history. Carol Publishing Group. Henderson, D. (2002). Biography of Adam Smith. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from Heilbroner, RL., Thurow, LC. (1982). â€Å"Three Great Economists†. Economics explained. Prentice-Hall. p.17. Smith, A., Skinner, A (Ed). (1986). An inquiry to the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Penguin Classics.

Sexual Violence

We all know that our prisons are the final point for the socially rejected criminals and violent transgressors. We know that our prisons are so overcrowded that the Supreme Court of California issued a court order to reduce the number of inmates. We know that since there are more inmates in prison the chance of getting rehabilitated are very slim to none. And we also know that the ratio of supervision of guard to inmate is extremely high. But do we know what goes on in our prisons and jails? We know we have prison gangs, drugs, assaults, robberies, and even murders in prison. But what happens when you mix an overcrowded prison or jail with violent, drug using, angry, abusive, gang related men with the average person who is in prison or jail for the first time. The result is an aggressive sexual act known as inmate rape. The fight against rape in our communities is doomed to failure and will continue to be so as long as it ignores the training grounds for rapists: our prisons, jails and reform schools. For too long, we have turned away from the rape crisis in these institutions, which now hold 1. 3 million men and boys. In most of them, rape is an entrenched tradition considered by prisoners a legitimate way to `prove their manhood' and to satisfy sexual needs and the brutal desire for power. The exact number of sexually assaulted prisoners is unknown, but a conservative estimate, based on two decades of surveys, is that â€Å"more than 290,000 males are sexually assaulted behind bars every year. By comparison, the Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that there are 135,000 rapes of women a year nationwide, though many groups believe the number is higher. â€Å"(Mezey and King, 1995).

Argot Definition and Examples

Argot Definition and Examples Argot is a specialized vocabulary or set of idioms used by a particular social class or group, especially one that functions outside the law. Also called cant and cryptolect. French novelist Victor Hugo observed that argot is subject to perpetual transformation- a secret and rapid work which ever goes on. It makes more progress in ten years than the regular language in ten centuries (Les Misà ©rables, 1862). ESL specialist Sara Fuchs notes that argot is both cryptic and playful in nature and it is . . . particularly rich in vocabulary referring to drugs, crime, sexuality, money, the police, and other authority figures (Verlan, lenvers, 2015). Etymology From the French, origin unknown Examples and Observations The Argot of the RacetrackThe argot of the racetrack is responsible for piker small town gambler, ringer illegally substituted horse, shoo-in fixed race, easy win, and others.(Connie C. Eble, Slang Sociability. UNC Press, 1996)The Argot of PrisonersPrison argot, originally defined as the jargon of thieves, is a particular form of slang (Einat 2005)- in some circumstances, a complete language- capable of describing the world from the perspective of the prison. It has been argued that prisoners live, think, and function within the framework defined by the argot (Encinas 2001), whose vocabulary may supply alternative names for objects, psychological states of minds, personnel roles, situations and the activities of prison life. Experienced inmates use argot fluently and can switch between regular names and their argot counterparts, and the degree of familiarity with argot is an important symbol of group membership among prison inmates (Einat 2005).(Ben Crewe and Tomer Einat, Argot (Pri son).Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment, ed. by Yvonne Jewkes and Jamie Bennett. Willan, 2008) The Argot of Pool PlayersThe poolroom hustler makes his living by betting against his opponents in different types of pool or billiard games, and as part of the playing and betting process he engages in various deceitful practices. The terms hustler for such a practice and hustling for his occupation have been in poolroom argot for decades, antedating their application to prostitutes.Like all other American deviant argots I know of, [hustlers argot] also reveals numerous facets that testify against a secrecy interpretation. Some examples: (1) Hustlers always use their argot among themselves when no outsiders are present, where it could not possibly have a secretive purpose. (2) The argot itself is not protected but is an open secret, i.e., its meanings are quite easily learned by any outsider who wishes to learn them and is an alert listener or questioner. (3) The argot is elaborated far beyond any conceivable need to develop a set of terms for deviant phenomena, and even far beyond any need to develop a full-scale technical vocabulary . . ..(Ned Polsky, Hustlers, Beats, and Others. Aldine, 2006) The Argot of Card PlayersA cardsharp who is out to cheat you may be dealing from the bottom of the deck and giving you a fast shuffle, in which case you may get lost in the shuffle. You might call such a low-down skunk a four-flusher. Flush, a hand of five cards all of one suit, flows from the Latin fluxus because all the cards flow together. Four-flusher characterizes a poker player who pretends to such good fortune but in fact holds a worthless hand of four same-suit cards and one that doesnt match.All of these terms originated with poker and other betting card games and have undergone a process that linguists call broadening. A good example of movement from one specific argot to another is wild card berth or wild card player as used in football and tennis. In these sports, a team hopes for back-to-back victories- from a fortuitous ace-down-ace-up as the first two cards in a game of five-card stud.(Richard Lederer, A Man of My Words. Macmillan, 2003)The Lighter Side of ArgotA strea k of humour runs through the traditional argot. Prisons were often described as schools, as in the contemporary College of Correction, and the hulks used to accommodate prisoners were the floating academies. Brothels were convents or nunneries, the prostitutes who worked in them were nuns, and the madam was an abbess.(Barry J. Blake, Secret Language. Oxford University Press, 2010) Pronunciation: ARE-go or ARE-get

religion new kingdom essays

religion new kingdom essays Egypt had a polytheistic religion, meaning that they believed in many gods, each of which played a role of its own for example Hapi the god of the nile. He was depicted in statues and praised as the one who came to nourish Egypt and create all good things. The people of Egypt prayed to him asking for a good flood. Religion had a great impact on NKE society through the social hierarchy, from the ordinary people to the pharaoh himself. The pharaoh was believed to be the incarnation of god who had created Egyptian universe and to whom he would return upon death. In other words the people believed the Phoraoh to be god on earth. Although the ordinary people where not allowed into the temple, religion still had an impact on their lives. Ears were carved outside important temples, into which the ordinary people whispered their longings and prayers believing that the gods leaned close to hear every word. Evidence of personal peity (meaning direct communication of people with the gods) have been found in the village of Medina, where the villagers wrote messages to the gods. Throughout Egypt, the Egyptians believed the gods took a personal interest in their lives. They believed the gods would punished and forgiven them, this is illustrated by the draughtsman, Nebre, prayers for his sick son (he believed he was sick as a punishment to him) to Amun, the god who listened to prayers. Another Example is the sculptor, Ken, put up a stela for a to read confessing that he had deceived his wife my swearing a false oath to her. These examples illustrate the role of religion in the lives of the ordinary Egyptians. The religion was closely integrated with the economy. The Egyptians believed that the temple was not only the house or the mansion of the god but symbolised the conditions that existed at the time of the creation. The temple was central to all economic activity. Every temple receive ...

Regional Differences in Spanish

Regional Differences in Spanish Spanish varies significantly from country to country - but the differences arent so extreme that if youre learning a Mexican variety of Spanish you need to worry about communicating in, for example, Spain or Argentina. Questions about the regional varieties of Spanish come up frequently from Spanish students. Many have heard so much about how the Spanish of Spain (or Argentina or Cuba or fill-in-the-blank) is different than what they learned  that theyre worried their months of study wont do them much good. While the comparison isnt completely accurate, the differences between the Spanish of Spain and the Spanish of Latin America are something like the differences between British English and American English. With a few exceptions - some local accents can be difficult for outsiders - people in Spain watch movies and TV shows from Latin America without subtitles, and vice versa. There are regional differences, more so in the spoken language than in writing, but they arent so extreme that you cant learn the differences as you need them. Also, while its easy to think of Latin American Spanish as one entity, as textbooks and lessons often treat treat it, you should note there are differences in the Spanish of various countries in the Western Hemisphere. Guatemalan Spanish isnt Chilean Spanish - but residents of those two countries and many others communicate all the time with little difficulty. If your pronunciation is reasonably good, whether your accent is Castilian or Mexican or Bolivian, you will be understood. You might want to avoid slang or extreme colloquialisms, but standard educated Spanish is understood anywhere in the Spanish-speaking world. Here, however, are some of the differences you may notice: Pronunciation Differences in Spanish One of the pronunciation differences most often mentioned is that many Spaniards often pronounce the z and the c before i or e like the th in thin, while many Latin Americans pronounce it the same as the s. Also, speakers in some areas (Argentina in particular) often pronounce the ll and y like the s in measure (this is sometimes called the zh sound). In some areas, you will hear speakers drop s sounds, so est sounds like et. In some areas, the j sounds like the ch in the Scottish loch (difficult for many native English speakers to master), while in others it sounds like the English h. In some areas, the l and the r at the end of a word sound alike. If you listen to a variety of spoken Spanish, youll notice other differences as well, particularly in the rhythm in which it is spoken. Regional Differences in Spanish Grammar Two of the biggest differences from country to country in grammar are the leà ­smo of Spain and the use of the pronoun vos in some areas instead of tà º (meaning you). Another major difference is that vosotros is usually used as the plural of tà º in Spain, while in Latin American ustedes is usually used. There are also numerous small differences, many involving colloquial usage. Although it may sound unusual to Spaniards to hear ustedes used where they are expecting vosotros, you not need fear not being understood. The Latin American form will be familiar to the Spaniard even though it may seem a bit foreign. Regional Differences in Spanish Vocabulary Other than slang, probably the biggest class of vocabulary differences youll come across is in the use of suffixes. A lpiz is a pencil or crayon everywhere, but a lapicero is a pencil holder in some areas, a mechanical pencil in others, and a ball-point pen in still others. There are also a fair number of blatant differences, such as a computer being un ordenador in Spain but una computadora in Latin America, but they are probably no more common than the British-American differences. Names of foods can also vary, and it isnt unusual in Latin America for the indigenous names of vegetables and fruits to have been adopted. Travelers should be aware that there are at least a dozen words, some of them of local usage only, for a bus. But the formal word autobà ºs is understood everywhere. Of course, every area also has its quirky words. For example, a Chinese restaurant in Chile or Peru is a chifa, but you wont run across that word in many other places. Regional Differences in Spanish Just as the English of Great Britain or South Africa isnt the English of the United States, so too is the Spanish of Spain different than the Spanish of Argentina or Cuba. While the differences in Spanish from country to country arent so great as to block communication, knowing them will make life easier in your travels. Key Takeaways: Regional Differences in Spanish The most significant regional differences in Spanish usage are those between Spain and Latin America.Within  Latin America, the most significant differences can be found in Argentina and some areas nearby, which use  vos instead of tà º.Although the names of some everyday objects vary  with region, the strongest differences can be found in names of foods and in slang. In general, the biggest divisions in Spanish are those between Spain and Latin America. But even within Spain or within the Americas youll find differences, especially if you go to more remote areas such as the Canary Islands or the Andean highlands. Here are the most significant differences you should be aware of: Ustedes vs. Vosotros The pronoun vosotros as the plural form of you is standard in Spain but is nearly nonexistent in Latin America. In other words, while you might use ustedes to speak with strangers in Spain and vosotros with close friends, in Latin America you would use ustedes in either situation. Latin Americans also do not use the corresponding conjugated verb forms such as the hacà ©is and hicistes forms of hacer. Tà º vs.  Vos The singular formal pronoun for you is usted everywhere, but the informal you can be tà º or vos. Tà º can be considered standard and is universally used in Spain and understood throughout Latin America. Vos replaces tà º in Argentina (also Paraguay and Uruguay) and can also be heard elsewhere in South America and in Central America. Outside of Argentina, its use is sometimes restricted to certain types of relationships (such as especially close friends) or to certain social classes. Preterite vs. Present Perfect Tenses Both the preterite and present perfect tenses are used to talk about past events. In most Latin American Spanish it is usual, as in English, to use the preterite to discuss something that happened recently: Esta tarde fuimos al hospital. (This afternoon we went to the hospital.) But in Spain the present perfect is often used: Esta tarde hemos ido al hospital. Pronunciation of Z and C The most noticeable difference in pronunciation of European Spanish and that of the Americas involves that of the z and that of the c when it comes before an e or i. In most of Spain it has the sound of the th in thin, while elsewhere it has the sound of the English s. Spains sound is sometimes incorrectly called a lisp. Pronunciation of Y and LL Traditionally, the y and ll represented different sounds, the y being much like the y of yellow and the ll being the zh sound, something the s of measure. However, today, most Spanish speakers, in a phenomenon known as yeà ­smo, make no distinction between y and ll. This occurs in Mexico, Central America, parts of Spain, and most of South America outside the northern Andes. (The opposite phenomenon, where the distinction remains, is known as lleà ­smo.) Where yeà ­smo occurs, the sound varies from the English y sound to the j of jack to the zh sound. In parts of Argentina it can also take on the sh sound. Pronunciation of S In standard Spanish, the s is pronounced much like that of English. However, in some areas, especially the Caribbean, through a process known as debucalizacià ³n, it often becomes so soft that is disappears or becomes similar to the English h sound. This is especially common at the end of syllables, so that  ¿Cà ³mo ests? sounds something like  ¿Cà ³mo et? Leà ­smo The standard pronoun for him as a direct object is lo. Thus the usual way to say I know him is Lo conozco. But in Spain it is very common, even sometimes preferred, to use le instead: Le conozco. Such use of le is known as leà ­smo. Spelling Differences The spelling of Spanish is remarkably standardized compared with that of English. One of very few words with acceptable regional variations is the word for Mexico, for which Mà ©xico is usually preferred. But in Spain it is often spelled Mà ©jico. It also isnt unusual for Spaniards to spell the U.S. state of Texas as Tejas rather than the standard Texas. Names of Fruits and Vegetables Names of fruits and vegetables can vary considerably with region, in some cases because of the use of indigenous words. Among those with multiple names are strawberries (fresas, frutillas), blueberries (arndanos, moras azules), cucumbers (pepinos, cohombros), potatoes (papas, patatas), and peas (guisantes, chà ­charos, arvejas). Juice can be  jugo or zumo. Other Vocabulary Differences Among the everyday objects that go by regional names are cars (coches, autos), computers (ordenadores, computadores, computadoras), buses (buses, camionetas, pullmans, colectivos, autobuses, and others), and jeans (jeans, vaqueros, bluyines, mahones). Common verbs that vary with region include those for driving (manejar, conducir) and parking (parquear, estacionar). Slang and Colloquialisms Every region has its own collection of slang words that are seldom heard elsewhere. For example, in some areas you might greet someone with  ¿Quà © onda? (similar in meaning to Whats happening?), while in other areas that might sound foreign or old-fashioned. There are also words that can have unexpected meanings in some areas; a notorious example is coger, a verb that is used routinely to refer to grabbing or taking in some areas but that in other areas has a strongly sexualized meaning.

The communcation gap between man and women Essay

The communcation gap between man and women - Essay Example In order to overcome difficulties in communication, it is necessary to take into account a lot of factors, starting from basic gender differences and social roles of men and women. Both differences in verbal and non-verbal communication should be taken into account in order to bridge communication gap between men and women. There are three decisive points that determine communication gap between opposite sexes: the way of thinking, speaking and decision making are different. The process of thinking among men is divided into sections. They consider everything properly, step by step focusing on one detail after another. Women think globally, they consider the whole things in general; they have no sections in their thinking. Men’s way of thinking can be compared with files stored on the computer: thoughts and ideas about different events are stored separately. Men don’t mix up such sections as Work, Personal relations, Hobbies etc. Thus, when a wife asks his husband to buy something on his way from work to home and he buys nothing, it means that he was concerned about his section Work. Women in their thinking combine different thoughts from different periods of their lives; they look at events in their life globally. Women try to draw parallels between different events. On this basis a lot of arguments may occur between spouses: a wife can compare her husband’s behavior with the one shown by him months ago and he may get irritated. The things different to him are equal to her. Thus sectional and global ways of thinking are two different and unique ways of thinking. Another difference occurs in the way of speaking between men and women. Men speak about facts with no details or descriptions; they speak in short phrases. Women speak in paragraphs and more concerned about details, descriptions than about facts. Women enjoy telling a story; men enjoy when they talk about facts. Therefore if you want to reach

Research entry on John Rawls Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entry on John Rawls - Research Paper Example On November 24, 2002, the entire American nation encountered the sad demise of John Bordley Rawls. Rawls acquired his dignified professorship degree of James Bryant Conant University from the Harvard University (Wenar 1). He also successfully attained his achievement of Fulbright fellowship at Christ Church, Oxford. Rawls also got several awards of honor and admiration for his services for America. Being truly deserving, Rawls was given Schock Prize for his Logic and philosophical intellect. In 1999, he was given a Medal of recognition for keeping up the spirit of American democracy. Two famous theories of Rawls are ‘Theory of Justice’ and ‘Law of People’. Rawls believed that there was no valid existence of conflict between equality and justice. He tried his level best to clear the opposing pictures of freedom and equality that were developed within the assumptive minds of people. Via his theory of Justice, in 1971, Rawls tried to recreate the prevailing concepts of equality and freedom, and explained to the entire nation that both of the notions have overlying attributes. Both are not perpendicular, in fact they run parallel to each other (Iep.utm.edu 1). Both can together generate an intense power of union that would always have utter fair and just consequences. This theory unfortunately did not bring out much impactful effects as expected. Practically, it wasn’t that balanced and one claim always out ruled the other. Late during his career, Rawls perceived the devastating impact of the international politics those days. Therefore, he outlined the ‘Law of People’ and stated that people having moral values are either ‘liberal’ or ‘decent’ (Wenar 1). He could foresee the excruciating consequences of decent minorities if ways of handling politics were not changed. Law of People was to protect the rights of participation of minorities in the elections as the political scenario was targeting the deprivation of decent people from

Underage Females Working in Brothels via Sex Trafficking Research Paper

Underage Females Working in Brothels via Sex Trafficking - Research Paper Example Underage Females Working in Brothels via Sex Trafficking The results are tragic because in most cases, the underage females that are working in brothels are victims of sex trafficking. They feel frustrated and worthless, seeing no prospect of escaping their wretched lives. Sad to say that even parents that are supposed to show love and protect their children, often contribute to the climate of permissiveness, because they claim that poverty led them to sell their children into prostitution. Widespread depravity and rampant barbarous pedophile cannot be controlled by law enforcement. However, influential personalities recognize the devastating effects of child prostitution by sex trafficking. In fact, nation leaders considered this as a barbarous crime. Thus, working alongside with government agencies, officials and legislative bodies, they are doing their earnest efforts to stop the problem. Yet, despite their noble intentions, sex trafficking of minors is still growing. How extensive is the problem of sex trafficking today? What leads to this horrific situation? According to Sex trafficking Fact Sheet, â€Å"sex trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years†. The Fact Sheet declares that considering sex trafficking as a serious violation of Federal law, Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, or TVPA, is being ratified. TVPA defines ‘commercial sex act’ as any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. It also recognizes that sex traffickers customarily use psychological and physical coercion, such as making threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person, using any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the victim to believe that failure to do the command action would result in serious harm. The Fact sheet enumerates the various types of sex trafficking. The victims are forced into different forms of commercial sexual exploitation such as prostitution, pornography, stripping, live-sex shows, mail-order brides, military prostitution and sex tourism. Sex trafficking operation usually takes place in a more underground systems such as closed-brothels that operate out of residential areas. It also can be found in a variety of public and private locations such as massage parlors, spas, and strip clubs. Additionally, Fact sheet specifies the common patterns of traffickers for luring the victims, such as, a promise of good job in other country, a false marriage proposal which turned into a bondage situation, parents willful intent of selling their children into sex trade, and others being kidnapped by the traffickers. Frequently, traffickers subject their victims to debt-bondage, the expenses incurred by their travel which include food and transport, thus they must pay the debt by their sex services. Traffickers will use various methods to condition their victims to perform sex acts, such as starvation, confinement, physical abuse as beatings, rape, gang rape, threats of violence to the victims and to their families, forced drug use, and the threat of staining their reputation by revealing to their friends and families friends their nature of work. What an awful situation these underage victims are facing! So far, trafficking is considered to be one of the leading

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL Essay

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL - Essay Example ciples of accounting for postgraduates, human resource management, economics, business risk management and marketing (University of Limerick, Centre for Teaching and Learning, 2014). A student applying for any of these courses undergoes regular application process which involves online registration and submission of required details as prescribed by the university regulatory board. The learning process once admitted into the university comes in two folds. A postgraduate may apply for online learning described as O’Del (Open, Distance and Electronic Learning). In this platform, a student obtains all the course requirements and lectures online but merge at the end of the semester to fulfill the course requirement by taking final exams (Ebel, Mohr & Commission of the European Communities 2009, p. 77). On the other end, one may decide to leverage on the side of full time learning process, attending to lecture physically, submitting assignments one on one and not electronically or online. However, at the end of the learning period, the students merge for a common exams and evaluation based of syllabus coverage. Other than the theories taught in class, postgraduate students will undertake a two weeks training even study trip or business simulation program every semester. This is meant to enhance the student’s knowledge on writing dissertations which will eventually see them graduate from UL. The university operates of full time calendar with short interval holidays between the terms calendars. Each semester runs for a period of three months with one month holiday until the completion of the degree

Discussion Forum #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Forum #7 - Essay Example The first changes yield the most warming but subsequently produce lesser warming. Coupling the increased carbon dioxide emissions and the lesser and lesser warming resulting from more and more carbon dioxide emissions, it would be reasonable to consider the future warming projections as a straight line (Michaels, 2009). Therefore, once climate warming by humans starts, it occurs at a constant rate. Indeed, BBC (2013) reports on data from balloon radiosondes and satellite that support this finding. According to these records, since 1998, there has been no discernible warming. Michaels further argues that the observed rates of warming are below the average of climate models and that the assumptions by pro-global warming activists could not be true. Climate models postulate a greater increase in the degree of warming with a rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases than experienced at the surface (Michaels, 2010). Supportive evidence from BBC (2013) indicates that these models have not been able to model all the involved processes even after many years of development. Water vapor distribution, influence of clouds and plants’ response to changes in water supply are among some of these models not captured. Thus, the models are unreliable. Michaels (2009) also observes that contrary to expectations, the carbon dioxide greenhouse warming effect at Antarctic has exhibited just a slight temperature increase since the measurements in the 1950s and 1960s. In fact, the International Geophysical Year observed that the Antarctic temperatures exhibited a warming trend from 1957 to mid-1960s, with subsequent studies thereafter indicating cooling or no change. This erroneous data has been supported by BBC (2013) and Pittock (2009) who observe that the atmosphere does not behave as predicted by the models. The predictions of computer models

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL Essay

Methedology in postgraduate education in UL - Essay Example ciples of accounting for postgraduates, human resource management, economics, business risk management and marketing (University of Limerick, Centre for Teaching and Learning, 2014). A student applying for any of these courses undergoes regular application process which involves online registration and submission of required details as prescribed by the university regulatory board. The learning process once admitted into the university comes in two folds. A postgraduate may apply for online learning described as O’Del (Open, Distance and Electronic Learning). In this platform, a student obtains all the course requirements and lectures online but merge at the end of the semester to fulfill the course requirement by taking final exams (Ebel, Mohr & Commission of the European Communities 2009, p. 77). On the other end, one may decide to leverage on the side of full time learning process, attending to lecture physically, submitting assignments one on one and not electronically or online. However, at the end of the learning period, the students merge for a common exams and evaluation based of syllabus coverage. Other than the theories taught in class, postgraduate students will undertake a two weeks training even study trip or business simulation program every semester. This is meant to enhance the student’s knowledge on writing dissertations which will eventually see them graduate from UL. The university operates of full time calendar with short interval holidays between the terms calendars. Each semester runs for a period of three months with one month holiday until the completion of the degree

Physical Geography Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physical Geography Articles - Essay Example This article tries to define sand dune and ripples and the cause-effect relationship. The author argues that sand dunes are result of sand waves which piles up with a particular pattern over a large area mostly of desert. However, the article shows that bedforms that result to such land forms are not only caused by wind but any other fluid. It is therefore important to note that climate factor which in turn influences movement of wind and water is responsible for the various landforms that characterize Earth surface. The central idea of the article is that Dunes and ripples are considered bedforms. Increasing changes in global climate has significant effect on various land forms. The deserts are particularly in danger as temperatures plummets and humidity dwindles. The little vegetation that covers desert landforms is at the brink of complete elimination. In other words, deserts that already have scanty vegetation cover are likely to be transformed to bare land. This would lead to other features like sand dunes among others. Besides, the trend in the desert change is closely associated with rising water levels due to increasing global temperature that melts ice. This article therefor offers an insight into the complex consequences of climate change of various landforms. This article centers on the unforeseen benefits of global warming as the ice melts. The Glacial melt constitute shift of more iron deposits which are seen as facilitating growth of phytoplankton. These phytoplankton in turn help in absorbing excess carbon dioxide with marginal reduction in greenhouse effect. This fertilization observation is attributed to the silver lining that can be observed on glacial landscapes. The author of the article therefore offers an insight into the existing relationship between physical geography and climate

Samsung and theme park in Korea Essay Example for Free

Samsung and theme park in Korea Essay Title of the case: Samsung and theme park industry in Korea 1) â€Å"Is the Global theme parks industry an interesting industry to be in? † a) Rivalry among existing competitors Is the industry growing rapidly? Yes,because of the increasingly fierce competition and the maturity of the market. Concentration Do the 4 biggest players have together more than 80% of market share? Yes, because 4 biggest players which are The Walt Disney Company,Time Warner’s Six Flags Corporation, Paramount, Anheuser Busch and Cedar Fair have together more than 80% of market share. Diversity of competitors Are competitors all of approximately the same size? No,because it depends on the land size and different regions Are the competitors diversified rather specialized? Yes. Theme parks generally have a global theme to propose. Diversity of competitors were getting more intense. Product differentiation Are there significant product differences and brand identities between the competitors? Yes,there was a variety of parks and attractions, each with a different approach to drawing crowds and showing them a good time. That are Cultural and Education Parks; Outdoor Amusement Park; Theme Parks were generally family-oriented entertainment complexes that were built around a theme;Water Theme Parks. That means theme is equal to brand. Are products complex and do they require a detailed understanding on the part of customers? No, the rides and attraction are not require information. Would customers incur significant costs in switching to a competitor? No,ticket prices for consumers is very cheap. Excess capacity and exit barriers Is the industry with no intermittent over capacity? No. Important over capacity of extra staff during spring and summer Is it hard to get out this business because there are specialized skills and facilities or long term contract commitments? Yes, it is. Economies of scale and the ratio of fixed to variable costs. Are there economies of scale in this industry? Yes, the economies of scale and scope were significant in the industry. Increasingly, Parks got larger and longer to generate more operating revenue. Also, companies had multiple parks to take advantage of the learning curve effects in the management of theme parks and the increased economies of scope. Most of the operating expenses for theme parks (about 75 per cent) were for personnel. Are the fixed costs of the business a relatively low portion of total costs? No, because land development costs around 50% of investments and advertising campaigns around 10%. b) Threat of new entrants Capital requirements Is a lot of capital needed to enter the industry? Yes, because the theme park business required a large-scale initial investment, typically ranging from $50 million to $3 billion. Is equipment expensive to acquire / to serve? Yes, because land development costs, Amusement machinery costs, Working capital and Amusement equipment are all expensive to acquire. Economies of scale Do large firms have a cost or performance advantage in the industry? Yes, they have. Many parks periodically added new attractions or renovated existing ones to draw repeat customers. The parks typically reinvested much of their revenue for expansion or upgrading purposes. Absolute cost advantages (â€Å"first mover advantage†) Does experience help to continuously lower costs? Yes, because large firm such as Walt Disney Company, its financial profile was generally used to assess the return on investment within the industry. The revenues for the theme parks segment of the Walt Disney Company were at US$2. 042 billion in 1988 and grew to US$3. 4 billion in 1993. Operating income was pegged at US$565 million in 1988 and US$747 million in 1993. With this clarification,large firms has enough experience to help to continuously lower costs,most of revenue to be reinvest for expansion purposes. Does a newcomer have any problems in obtaining the necessary skilled people, materials or suppliers? Yes, they have. In some countries, where land was scarce, governments limited the area of the land that the developers could take up for theme parks. Park administration was dependent on the government for utilities such as power, gas and water. A typical period required for arranging government approval for a theme park could be as high as two to five years,depending on the country. Product differentiation Are there any proprietary product differences in the industry? Yes,because the theme park industry had three classes of inputs: the building and construction services that provided landscaping and architectural support; the hardware providers that supplied amusement machinery; and the software providers that supplied management know-how. Are there any established brand identities? Yes, because the park manager should work with tour operators and government tourist promotion boards to draw the tourist crowds to their parks. Theme parks spent about 10 per cent of their annual revenues for advertising. Radio, newspaper, yellow page (telephone book) advertisements, family and group discounts, and direct mail were the most common promotional methods. Do customers incur any significant costs in switching suppliers? No, because the customers dont care about the price. Access to channels of distribution Does a newcomer to the industry face difficulty in accessing distribution channels? Yes, because theme parks spent about 10 per cent of their annual revenues for advertising. Radio, newspaper, yellow page (telephone book) advertisements, family and group discounts, and direct mail were the most common promotional methods. Governmental and legal barriers Are there any license, insurance of qualification which are difficult to obtain? Yes, because the licence and insurance of qualification are all difficult to obtain, because government regulations were quite strict because of the extensive land use and security. Licensing requirements and methods of ascertaining operational expertise to ensure visitors’ safety varied from country to country. Retaliation Can a newcomer expect strong retaliation on entering the market? Yes, because the insurance premiums were extremely high in some parts of the world. Given the likelihood of accidents in the amusement parks and the possibility of serious injury, 100 per cent insurance coverage was a must in the industry. c) Threat of substitutes Has the customer no real substitutes? No, there are Various substitutes for customers : other modes of entertainment Propensity/willingness of buyers to substitutes Is the customer unlikely to substitute? No, customers can easily substitute, because they want to try something new, something different, cheaper, safer, better or more convenient. Will the customer incur costs in switching to a substitute? Yes, because they meet more complex needs. Free admission parks and beaches, camping trips, or even video-movies at home were competing options for leisure time. It means if customers have enough leisure time while the price is lower than theme park or have the same type of entertainment, they were probably change their mind. Price/performance characteristics of substitutes Have substitutes performance limitations which do not completely offset their lowest price or is the performance advantage of substitutes not justified by their higher price? Yes, It was the availability of leisure time and a high discretionary income that drove the commercial recreation industry. Like video-movies at home, customers cost little even though they cant go out for fun. Is it difficult to perceive performance differences between industry products and substitutes? No, because Theme Parks industry do not fit well with High tech image of Samsung. d) Bargaining power of buyers Buyers’price sensitivity 1) Importance of the item as a proportion of their total cost Are customers not highly sensitive to price? Yes, because in a good economy, customers do not have a great deal of bargaining power within the theme park industry. Although the entertainment facilities as a proportion of their total cost, customers just focus on the rides themselves,it shows that buyers’price sensitivity are not highly. 2) Level of differentiation Is the product unique to some degree or has accepted branding? Yes, like special simulators for amusement purposes using proprietary technology were being developed by technology-intensive companies. Does the customer face any significant costs in switching suppliers? No, because the customers are not affected by suppliers. 3) Level of competition between buyers Are customers’ businesses/activities/finance profitable? Yes, because to handle the admissions revenue a centralized ticket system was generally preferred. An all-inclusive admission price entitled customers to as many rides and shows as they desired. This approach led to longer stays at parks resulting in increased food and beverage sales. 4) Importance of the sold product to the quality of the buyer’s product/service Yes, successful park managers used extensive marketing research to understand their customers and also spent a lot of effort in promoting the park. To reach the diverse groups, parks emphasized increased beautification and the range of entertainment and food services offered. Relative bargaining power 1) Size and concentration of buyers relative to suppliers Is there a large number of buyers relative to the number of firms in the business? Yes, there are local families,children’s groups,the evening market,corporate groups and tourists. Is there a large number of customers, each with relatively small purchases? Yes, each customer just buy one ticket. 2)Buyer’s information Does the buyer need a lot of important information to properly buy? No, they dont need any information to buy a ticket. 3) Ability to enter the other party’ business through vertical integration Is there anything which prevents the customer from taking supplier’s function in-house? No, there isnt anything to prevent the customer from taking suppliers function in-house. e) Bargaining power of suppliers Sensitivity to suppliers’ price 1) Importance of the item as a proportion of total cost Have cost of purchases no significant influence on overall costs? No, significant for landscaping, machineries (hardware) and know-how (software). The amusement equipment required for the park was expensive, most of it going from $1 million to $50 million. The software charged huge licensing fees which were over 10 per cent of the revenues. 2) Level of differentiation Are inputs (materials, labor, supplies, services) standard, rather than unique and differentiated? Yes, because these inputs provided by the supplier that the value constitute a larger proportion in the total cost of the product of the buyers, that is to say bargaining power of suppliers will increases greatly. Is it possible to switch between suppliers quickly and cheaply? No, the amusement machinery industry had grown over the years. Because most of the large drives which has a solid market position, they have many buyers so that not controlled by the market competition of firms. 3) Level of competition between suppliers Are suppliers’ businesses profitable? Yes, because admission fees constituted over 60 per cent of the total revenues of a theme park, while the rest came primarily from food, beverage, and merchandise sales. 4) Importance of inputs to the quality of product/service Yes, because customers expect high level of quality along all areas of the theme park. Users also expect adventures and experiences in an artificial environment at a calculable risk. Relative bargaining power 1) Size and concentration of suppliers Are there many potential suppliers? No, like special simulators for amusement purposes using proprietary technology were being developed by technology-intensive companies such as Sega Japan and Simex Canada. Is there no major dominant supplier(s) ? Yes, the amusement machinery industry had grown over the years. Most of the large drives, such as the Hurricane or the Giant Wheel, were manufactured in Japan, Europe or the United States. 2)Information Is it easy to compare suppliers’ offer? Yes, because there were fewer than 10 suppliers who were capable of developing quality machinery, such as DOGO of Japan, HUSS of Germany, and ARROW of the United States. 3) Ability to enter the other party’ business through vertical integration Would it be easy to enter the business of suppliers? No,because most of these suppliers worked globally, and the machinery were custom designed and made to order to fit the particular market and environment conditions. Summary – Overall industry rating. Favorable Moderate Unfavorable Intensity of rivalry among competitors v Threat of entry v Threat of substitutes v Bargaining power of buyers v Bargaining power of suppliers v 2) â€Å"More specifically, will the idea of theme parks work in Korea ? † Yes, because there is an increase of Theme Parks demand in Korea that is creating a booming in leisure domains, leading to a potential very profitable if running in this business. The theme park industry was still in its early stages in Korea, and had a history of less than two decades. However, indications were that the industry was growing globally, with more players entering. Rivalry between established competitors the Korean market is becoming mature with 33% of worldwide Theme Parks are based in Asia. In Korea, around the Seoul area , there were six themes parks. The most notable player in these region are : Lotte World , Seoul Land and Yongin Farmland. Each of these firms offers theme parks with varying experiences, always trying to debut the newest and best experiences in order to stay ahead of one another. A great example of this can be seen by looking at these three major theme parks. New attraction and technology can attractive customers. Lotte World has a series of their own entertainment, Seoul Land is more of a entertainment place for short visit,Farmland planned to revamp its theme park with addition of the water park, a global fair and the expansion of the existing zoo. Every year new attractions, restaurants, entertainment, and hotel offerings are announced in order to influence people to attend the various parks. This rivalry also affects the profits of these theme parks as they typically see a good return on their investment year over year. Other forms of competition comes from free admission parks, beaches, camping trips. These are either free or cheaper than paying for a trip to the theme park. Threat of entry The threat of new entrants of theme park in Korea is particularly high. Theme parks around the world need a large scale initial investment from $50 million to $3 billion. Land development cost ,amusement machinery cost and working capital are the main component of the capital investment. Another reason is land use, Seoul where land is scare. The land requires for building or expanding a theme park normally involved considerable large land plot. The government often gives firms long periods of approval. Theme parks always have a large economic of scale in order to attract much more customers because of the rides and services which need satisfy customers demand. Threat of substitute Farmland plan to develop a resort town in Yongin with luxury hotels, golf courses and resort accommodations catering to customers with families and spend longer time in Farmland. The challenge for Farmland is finding ways to entice customers to spend their vacations with them as opposed to trips to the beach, admission parks, camping trips or staying at home and watch video-movies. Bargaining power of buyers In a good economy and during the holiday seasons, the buyer bargaining power is low where there are many patrons to the theme park. Since the Koreans do not have many vacation leave and Korea is a temperate country , the only time for Koreans to go out with their family will be during the mid –summer to mid autumn period. These will be the peak period for most of the theme parks and it is term the high seasonality. When the high seasonality period is over, the customer’s bargaining power will be high and the theme parks must start their promotional activities or special events to attract customers to visit the theme park. Bargaining power of suppliers the suppliers to the theme park industry have a lot of bargaining power. DOGO of Japan, HUSS of Germany and ARROW of the United States are just a few of the major companies who create the attractions found in most of the theme parks throughout the world. Every year,the IAAPA hosts a convention where the newest technology is put on display for the consumers (theme parks). In an effort to keep customers excited year after year, theme parks have the opportunity at this convention to see the newest technologies first hand and decide what to bring to their theme parks in the future. This can negatively affect the profit level of theme parks, however, as they bid against one another as they vie for the best technology, driving up the prices and reputation of the suppliers. 3) â€Å" Should Samsung invest in the proposed Master Plan ($300 million investment)? † Yes, but should be more because theme park developers chose land sites in a central area which was relatively expensive in Korea and several important criteria are missing in this plan to be complete and realistic. For example, the fact that Farmland is going to build new attraction and extend some others to make them more attractive is a point that required the whole advertising campaign to be reconsidered entirely, and also more impacting by focusing on all those novelties. This is an important operation that will raise a budget corresponding to more than 10% of the revenue in the group, plus other unexpected extra costs.

Brake Caliper: Part and Functionality

Brake Caliper: Part and Functionality Caliper is inarguably the most crucial part of a braking system in any kind of Brake assembly, be it a traditional Drum Brake setup or the more modern Disc Brake assembly. The caliper acts as an interface between the drivers action to stop a moving vehicle and the reaction of the vehicles wheel to this action. Hence, a caliper sees both- The action and the reaction. The of using the are as follows: High corrosion resistance, Good machinability, Good flow characteristics, Lower density The caliper in itself does not stop a moving wheel but it houses a set of brake shoes which press against the rotors of a wheel and stop them by creating friction. The pressing of the brake shoes takes place due to a hydraulic set-up consisting of pistons on the caliper which push the brake fluid which in turn pressurises the brake shoes. As the primary purpose of the caliper is to transfer load onto the brake shoes and to load them, it is essential that the caliper be a rigid part. As a result, calipers have been following the usage of traditional load bearing materials like Cast Iron, Forged steel, etc. However as every rigid part in an automobile comes with an opportunity to save weight, some research is being carried out in order to reduce the weight of the caliper while retaining its characteristic to carry and transfer sufficient load. Brake Caliper Current Material: In this direction of weight save, Aluminium is being employed in the devise and development of a brake caliper. By nature, aluminium has lower density (2.7 g/cm3) as compared to ductile Iron (7.8 g/cm3). This conversion to aluminium has saved weight upto 40 percent. Comparison between Traditional Vs Current Material The design and performance criteria for the caliper castings are stiffness, dimensional rigidity and temperature and fatigue life. The aluminium alloys which are mainly considered for calipers are A354 and A357 alloys.The calipers in the brake system are currently made of Aluminium alloys consisting 7-10% Silicon, 0.15-0.2 % Ferrous, 0.05-2% Copper, 0.03-0.1% Manganese, 0.4-0.6% Magnesium, 0.1% Zinc, 0.2% Titanium. Table: Composition of Aluminium Alloys (A354A357) Aluminium 354 has higher copper percentage when compared to Aluminium 357 hence so eutectic change. The rate of corrosion of the Aluminium 354 is higher as compared to Aluminium 357. Both the alloys undergo Boron Nitride Coating where A354 show higher elongation over A357.This means that choosing 357 over 354 is a better choice for our desired part: Brake Caliper. Drawbacks of the Current Material: One main drawback of using this material for automotive applications is its low Fatigue strength which is of extreme importance in a load bearing part like Caliper. This issue has to be addressed while selecting a new material. Proposed material Magnesium Alloy (AZ91) Magnesium is one of the lightest materials with density 1.74g/cm3, compared to Aluminium and Ductile Iron. Magnesium is the most commonly used alloying element as sea water has 0.3% which is considered as the major source. The major alloying materials used for the proposed material AZ91 are 8.5-9.5% Aluminium,0-45-1%, Zinc,0.05-0.1%,Silicon, upto 0.03% Copper,0.02%Nickel and 0.05%Ferrous. Chemical Composition of Magnesium Alloy AZ91 Minimizing the weight of a caliper leads to the reduction of unsprung weight of the car therefore improving the fuel efficiency and heat dissipation. As the alloy is softer, it has high damping capacity and good impact resistance. Physical Properties of AZ91 Mechanical Properties of AZ91 Fig.Thermal Conductivity The thermal conductivity of AZ91 is comparatively low with the other Magnesium alloys which reduces overheating of the brake fluid decreasing the problems associated with it. Fig. Ultimate Tensile Strength Vs Strain Rate Comparison chart of Specific Stiffness and strength of the materials The specific stiffness of Magnesium is considerably equal to that of Aluminium whereas the specific strength is higher in Magnesium. Due to the increase in strength, fatigue resistance increases due to high Magnesium content. Brake Caliper needs high Bending stiffness which is greater in AZ91 because of high elastic modulus.ÂÂ   Low melting temperature of Magnesium leads to longer die life. Magnesium displays higher corrosion resistance than aluminium when it is coated with Phosphate-Permanganate and Zinc-Nickel alloys. Though the cost is more than the former, it can be used because of high bending stiffness as well as lighter mass which results in good functioning of the vehicle. Magnesium Alloy (AZ91) is lower in density than Aluminium Alloy (AL3XX) thereby reducing the weight (33% lighter) and improving the efficiency of the vehicle. It displays high strength, modulus of elasticity, heat dissipation and castability when compared to AL3XX. Magnesium alloys also exhibit better nature when exposed to physical loading like better damping capability and lesser elongation at failure loading.

Times Oldest Debate :: essays research papers fc

Time's Oldest Debate Raffikki Period 2 According to recent studies, planet earth formed approximately four and a half billion years ago. Since then, the earth has undergone many evolutionary changes. Earth began as a swirling gas which condensed to create an immense land mass. The ancient earth was basically the same as today's earth except for the environment. The atmosphere of the ancient earth was quite different, containing more carbon and nitrogen gases than oxygen. The former atmosphere is where much of present day organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, and enzymes were created in abundance. By chance or simply because of the laws of nature, those life producing compounds bonded together to create the oldest known life form on earth -- a bacterium. Other life forms evolved from the bacterium through natural selection. These microscopic organisms formed symbiotic relationships with each other and produced larger, multicellular organisms, such as man. It may seem like a gigantic leap, bacterium to man, but given billions of years, it is certainly possible. It is true that The Bible holds certain truths which would imply a reliable source of information; however, some parts of The Bible are not true at all. According to science, life evolved in the following order: bacterium to fish, fish to various land animals, and animals to man. Coincidentally or divinely, The Bible states that God said, "Let the waters teem with fish and other life...let the earth bring forth every kind of animal...Let us make man" (Genesis 1:20-26). The Bible accurately depicts the order in which life was established. But how could the primitive people who wrote The Bible know the order of which life was created without science to aid them? This evidence would stand to prove that The Bible truly is the word of God Himself. However, evolutionists would prefer to believe that the writer of The Bible was an incredible guesser. That is because many parts of The Bible seem to be written based on conjectures of what people of the time thought was correct. An example of this would be from Genesis, "God made two great lights -- the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night" (Genesis 1:16). Obviously the greater light is the sun and the lesser light is the moon; however, the moon is not a light, it is a planet that reflects light. The people who wrote The Bible did not know that the moon was a planet; nor did they know that other planets even existed. So, they described the moon as a source of light just as the sun is a source of light.

Kiss of the Spider Woman

In Manuel Puig’s novel Kiss of the Spider Woman, Molina and Valentin use fantasy as a way of escapism. Firstly, Molina uses the films he tells in the cell to escape his unfavorable and lonely life by creating a preferred reality through the fantasy he creates in them. Secondly, the setting of the cell itself provides Molina with a sanctuary from the outside world, allowing him to escape from the gender roles in which he is confined in and fantasize about taking on the feminine role with Valentin through the isolation of jail.Lastly, in Valentin’s morphine-induced fantasy at the end of the novel, he can escape from the socially accepted stereotypical male gender roles and express his true feelings about Molina. Firstly, Molina uses the fantasy presented in the films he reiterates as a way to escape from the harsh reality of the real world, creating his own, more favourable one. This perspective can be seen throughout the novel, particularly in association with the strong romantic and feminine aspects displayed in the films.A film that allows Molina to escape the real world is told through his stream of consciousness in chapter five, which tells the love story between an unattractive maid and a young soldier, face scarred by the war. This film is very personal to Molina in two aspects. Firstly, it is told not aloud to Valentin, but inside his own head, and secondly, it features a protagonist who is an outcast to society who nonetheless finds love. It is told through the first person perspective of the maid, and the use of personal pronouns draw a connection between the characters of Molina and the maid.This parallel characterization is heightened through the maid’s casual and repeated reference to herself as an â€Å"ugly girl† (100), mimicking Molina’s expressions of self-deprecation through belittling diction. He is constantly using words like â€Å"revulsion† (260) and â€Å"disgust† (262) to describe himself wi th, and he even interjects the film to recount the judge’s description of him as â€Å"the worst, a revolting fag† (106). It is clear that Molina, a gay man living in a homophobic country of machismo men feels like an outsider with a lack of self worth.In the chapter three, Molina relates the story of his unrequited love for the waiter Gabriel: a heterosexual man who does not return Molina’s feelings. Molina is escaping from the bitter truth of his own love-less life and living through the fantasies he presents in the form of films: an outlet that allows him to experience a preferred and utopian reality. Puig’s purpose in drawing a parallel between the maid and Molina is to express Molina’s intense desire to find love and acceptance and suggest the eventuality this lies in Molina’s future, as it did for the maid.Through film, Molina can escape the bitter actuality of his own life into his own highly romantic and idealistic fantasies. Not onl y does Molina use fantasy in his stories as a way of escapism, through the isolation of their cell, Molina can escape from confining traditional gender roles and assume the feminine role with Valentin, a form of fantasy for him. Throughout the novel, it has been made clear that Molina identifies with women; even claiming â€Å"I want to be one† (19). Inside the cell Molina is able to escape from the prejudice experienced in his primarily homophobic country and don the feminine traits he associates himself with.Molina cares for Valentin when the latter becomes ill, indulging in a fantasy in which he is sympathetic, caring and maternal. For example: â€Å"But you have to wait for that, until you feel okay, and you can be sure that you only get half of that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (156). It is obvious that Molina enjoys being subservient to Valentin. In a sense, Molina is not so much homosexual as he merely believes himself a woman. Indeed, he firmly believes in the stereotypical and tra ditional roles of men and women: â€Å"But if a man is†¦my husband, he has to give the orders, so he will feel right. That’s the natural thing, because that makes him†¦ the man of the house† (244).Molina’s identification of himself as female is what makes him subject to prejudice, such as the kind he experienced with the judge. Towards the end of the novel, Molina comes to the realization that his situation outside the jail cell will never change, and that the fantasy he is experiencing with Valentin will not last: â€Å"No, they’ll never change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (215). Puig creates the irony that it is within the confines of prison that Molina feels the most free, and it is outside where he feels imprisoned. Inside the jail cell, Molina is able to escape the bleak future in which he foresees himself never fully being able to embrace his gender identity.The fantasy he is living with Valentin is an opportunity to live his life like a woman, free fro m prejudice and discrimination. Although it is mainly Molina who utilizes fantasy throughout the novel, in his stream of consciousness at the end of the novel, it is Valentin who escapes from the pain of real life and the confinement of the cell into a morphine-induced fantasy. In this dream-like state, Valentin, free from socially accepted gender roles, is able to express his true feelings and thoughts.At the beginning of the novel, Valentin’s only addition to the films appeared in blunt interruptions, often times closer to criticism of the films than positive contribution: â€Å"I don’t really get it, it’s very confusing the way you tell it† (12). As the novel progressed, and Valentin and Molina grew closer together, the dialogue between them became of greater significance, as Valentin let down his emotional guard. This emotional development culminated in Valentin’s expressive and out of character dream, full of vivid imagery, in which he can esc ape from the expectations of his gender, and express his true feelings, specifically towards Molina.The metaphor of Molina as the Spider Woman is epitomized in this chapter and through this image, Valentin can express his true feelings about him: â€Å"†¦so many threads that look like hairy like ropes and disgust me, even though if I were to touch them they might feel as smooth as who knows what, but it makes me queasy to touch them† (280). This represents Valentin’s initial unease about being intimate with Molina, but at the same time knowing that allowing someone into his personal life could potentially be gratifying.Being part of a revolutionary group, Valentin has been accustomed to severing personal relations that interfere with the cause. At the same time, he has been associated with having very masculine traits, even proclaiming: â€Å"I’m no woman† (38). By Valentin admitting both that he had sex with Molina, and that he â€Å"enjoyed itâ₠¬  (280) shows an immense diversion from his characterization at the beginning of the novel. In this fantastical state, he can escape from the traditional gender roles in which is perceived with and admit to his true sentiments.In conclusion, fantasy plays a very important role in terms of escapism for Molina and Valentin in the novel, both in terms of physical and physiological situations. Molina and Valentin experience three key escapist fantasies throughout the novel: Molina uses the fantasies in the films to escape his own disparaging life, Molina uses the setting of the cell itself as an escape for the gender roles he sees himself confined in in the outside world, and Valentin’s dream like fantasy allows him to express his true feelings and escape confining male gender roles.The purpose of these fantasies in Kiss of the Spider Woman is to provide the characters with an environment in which they can escape from the confines of their life and express their true feelings. Indeed, it is these fantasies that provide illuminating characterization and allow the reader to truly discern the nature of the characters of Molina and Valentin.Work Cited Puig, Manuel. Kiss of the Spider Woman. New York: Knopf, 1979. Print.

Hsm Law Profile Paper

It is important for all health care recipients and health care providers to read information regarding HIPAA that way everyone will be informed of what rights are privacy they are entitled to and the workers are aware of what information needs to remain confidential. People can receive handouts regarding information about HIPAA, as well as the Internet. There are hundreds of online websites that people can go to in order to receive more information on how HIPAA works and what is required to ensure everyone follows the laws that go along with HIPAA.Breaking the law can have some major consequences so it is important to understand HIPAA and what privacy laws are enforced to protect a patient’s information. The information that is provided informs health care workers and organizations what rights a patient has and the consequences of breaking the rules, whether intentional or accidental. HIPAA affects the day-to-day operations within human service organizations. The reason it aff ects the human service organizations is because HIPAA has to be followed on a day-to-day basis.Every day an employee goes into work, they are to honor HIPAA and their clients by not reveling any personal patient information and to keep all information confidential. Once becoming employed, a person is informed of HIPAA and what the rules and regulations are according to HIPAA standards. HIPAA regulations state that they are to protect privacy so every worker knows not to reveal anything personal, even to family or friends. When a client comes to them in need, they must be there for the client and they client needs to know that they can trust the workers.If a person goes to a mental health clinic, they will want to know their personal issues will be kept in that room and it will go no further. An employee needs to go into work with a positive attitude of how they should helps those in need of their services, instead of invading their privacy and confidentiality; whether they intention ally do it for specific reasons or if they are just asking a fellow employee for help where others are able to hear the information as well. While many people supported HIPAA, there were some people and organizations that did not support HIPAA.In the beginning, the health care industry was against HIPAA and did not approve of the rules set by HIPAA. â€Å"Health care providers, health care organizations, and, to some extent, health plans thought of the proposed HIPAA rules as just another federal mandate that would cost the industry billions of dollars to implement and monitor† (Bowers, n. d. ). The health care industry is still having issues with HIPAA rules and regulations but more organizations are coming to terms with HIPAA and focusing on the positive aspects that HIPAA provides instead of focusing on negative issues.Even though it can be hard for some organizations to understand HIPAA, they are researching it and coming to terms on how to handle HIPAA in order to better serve their patients. There will be ramifications to clients and the organization if the law is not followed. If an employee allowed personal and private information to be released to other people regarding a client, then the client could feel betrayed and hurt. The client could, in turn, sue the company where the employee worked for personal damages in regards to their privacy being invaded. Both the client and employee would suffer from the law being broken.It is important to always follow the rules because the consequences could be severe. The client could be humiliated if the worker breaks the rules and releases private information and not trust the organization anymore. The organization could begin to get a bad reputation and there could be fewer people that go to the organization for help. The organization could suffer and be put out of business, all because of an employee who broke the law. The rightful thing to do to the employee would be for the employee to receive a stron g warning or, depending on how severe the law was broken, a leave of absence or termination from the job.I think that HIPAA has wonderful privacy laws that need to be used in human service organizations. In the technological world, it can be difficult for personal information to remain private, so it is great that HIPAA was established. HIPAA serves a great purpose, being that it protects a patient’s privacy. There are great resources that everyone could use to find out more information about HIPAA and what laws it provides, including the Internet. It is important that health care recipients and health care workers learn the rules and regulations of HIPAA because the laws will be enforced on a day-to-day basis and must be followed at all times.Even though some organizations were against HIPAA, it is important to enforce the rules of HIPAA for the best interest of the patient and their privacy rights. It is important to enforce strict punishment for those who break the rules o f HIPAA because it could cause humiliation if the patient’s private information was released to other people who did not need to know about it. I think it is great that HIPAA was established because there needs to be strict privacy rules for patients because too often, there is confidential information released to people who do not need to know the information.Reference Page Bowers, D, (N. D. ). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act: is it really all that bad? Retrieved from http://www. baylorhealth. edu/proceedings/14_4/14_4_bowers. pdf Highmark, Inc. , (2010). What is HIPPA? Retrieved from https://www. highmark. com/hmk2/about/hipaa/hipaaMain. shtml#whatishipaa Highmark, Inc. , (2010). Whom does HIIPPA affect? Retrieved from https://www. highmark. com/hmk2/about/hipaa/hipaaMain. shtml#whatishipaa

Magna Carta the cornerstone of Modern Law

Magna Carta came from the Latin word â€Å"Great Charter†, which was authorized by King John of England, which deals with governing of his subjects according to Feudalism. During feudalism, the relationship between kings and their barons orders the rights and duties of each subordinate. The king cannot make any legal actions such as imposing high taxes or any military services without consulting the barons. The Barons rebelled against King John causing a revolt in England; Magna Carta was a result of the negotiation within the rebel barons and the king. Magna Carta has 63 clauses which were issued to grant liberties to the church, to barons and tenants feudal rights. This promises that the King would be fair and just in enforcing his powers to the people. This became the â€Å"balancing act† during the Kings times because this limits the power of the King towards its people. This gave fair provision to the barons and King to exercise his powers to a certain extent in order not to abuse to those that are of less status as they are. The people were given representations and were given fair rights as well. One of the most important clauses of the Magna Carta is the legal clause that states that justice will be serve appropriately and should not be delayed. This is one of the many adopted laws of the Modern Laws right now. Enforcement of Magna Carta is with utmost importance as this became the basis of the modern rights, one of which is taxation without representation. Due to this also the people were given rights to undergo a due process in which at recent is given to those that are trialed. There should be no conviction made unless the person accused has been proven guilty, there should be a fair trial and both sides of defendant and prosecutor is heard. Magna Carta is considered to be the liberty of the people as well as today for this granted them the right to be represented.

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Coursework - Essay Example With the introduction of retiring age, employers are now refrained from discriminating on the grounds of age, even at the time of recruitment, training, redundancy and other policies that deals with the employer and the employee’s relationship (Harris, et al 56). Harassment There is no specific law, which deals with the issue of harassment at workplace. However, an affected person can knock at the door of competent court of law to get his or her grievances redressed under the criminal law known as "Protection from Harassment Act†. In refined term, harassment in the workplace can be described as "any unwanted attention that causes offence, embarrassment, humiliation, upset". However, if it is based on sex, race or disability, the concerned discriminatory law can be invoked to get protection. Further, in serious cases, some compensation can be had inclusive of damages to hurt someone’s feelings. Offensive remarks, personal comments, jokes based on racism and sex, to uching, vulgar displays, abusive language come under the purview of harassment (Harris, et al 59). In order to make his case strong against discriminatory attitude by the employer and the harassment at work premise, William may adopt the following course a) keep a diary of the incidents that took place b) witnesses of co workers c) confront harassment d) have a word with HR and e) discuss the matter with Union Representative (Harris, et al 61). It is the responsibility of the employer to protect his workers from harassment irrespective of their backgrounds. William has the option to claim compensation by registering his complain with the employment tribunal on the specified form ETI since it is a mandatory requirement. Mentioned form contains a lot of information e.g. name of the complainant, postal address, reasons for complaint, whether the complainant would like to re-instate or to lodge claim for compensation. William has the option to invoke the jurisdiction of competent Tribun al without bothering grievance procedure. By passing the grievance, procedure may lead to reduction up to 25% in any award granted by the Tribunal (Harris, et al 63). At this point of time, the said victim will send a copy of ETI form to be responded on form ET3 within 28 days. If he fails to respond within the specified period of time, there is apprehension that the Tribunal may issue impugn judgment in favour of the complainant. Before filing the complaint with the Tribunal, employee may exercise his or her option of conciliation. If conciliation fails to materialize, the compelling option for remedy is Tribunal (Harris, et al 63-64). The legal process is cumbersome with reference to calling witnesses, cross examine the witnesses by other side, engage a lawyer and to bear legal expenses. Keeping in mind the time consuming legal process, we advise William to confine himself to the process of conciliation. Q. 2. Where should William go to take action on his personal injury claim? Fr om whom should he seek advice and what formal and informal mechanisms might he use to resolve the dispute? To analyse the claim of William with regard to personal injury, we have to have a look on the law of tort and its provisions, which provide relief to the victim of personal injury besides emotional injury. In accordance with English law,  tort falls under the common law

Modernism in Design and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modernism in Design and Architecture - Essay Example The paper "Modernism in Design and Architecture" states modernism and architecture. Ideally, the design will be embedded Jonathan Hill's notion of structure that is to expand the subject matter of planning and explore their interdependence. Traditionally, the purpose of design has been understood as the physical substances used in construction. For this reason, the proposed model will be a hybrid that incorporates the modern and traditional architecture to produce a cross breed that pushes the boundaries between subjects. Accordingly, this will facilitate an amalgam study that covers social, psychological, political, cultural history, art principles, and architecture. The application of a literal or phenomenal transparency in education facilitates communication between the players in a school setting. In his book Architecture the Subject Matter, Hill aims at expanding the subject and matter of architecture as well as examine their interdependence. In its centrality, the book goes bey ond the familiar boundaries of the discipline to reassess the building. In a deeper understanding, Hill depicts that architectural matter is not the physical fabric, but rather the components of an element such as the bricks, words, sound, blood cells, and pixels. From Hill's perspective, the personal perception, visualizing, and analysis of a situation is expounded by emphasizing on breaking the case into its essential elements to have a clear understanding of the situation before making recommendations or conclusions.